Angkor Wat Timeline

At its height, the Khmer Empire that built Angkor Wat and the other marvelous temples near Siem Reap, Cambodia controlled much of Southeast Asia. From what is now Myanmar in the west to all but a thin strip of land along the Vietnamese coast of the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Khmers ruled it all.  Their reign continued for more than six hundred years, from 802 to 1431 CE. The Temples During that time, the Khmers built hundreds of gorgeous, intricately carved temples. Most began as Hindu temples, but many were later converted to Buddhist sites. In some cases, they switched back and forth between the two faiths numerous times, as attested by the different carvings and statues made at different time periods. Angkor Wat is the most wonderful of all these temples.  Its name means City of Temples or Capital City Temple.  When it was first constructed before 1150 CE, it was dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. By the end of the 12th century, however, it was gradually being transitioned into a Buddhist temple instead. Angkor Wat remains a center of Buddhist worship to this day. The Khmer Empires reign marks a high point in the cultural, religious, and artistic development of Southeast Asia. Eventually, however, all empires fall.  In the end, the Khmer Empire succumbed to drought and to incursions from neighboring peoples, particularly from Siam (Thailand).  Its ironic that the name Siem Reap, for the city nearest Angkor Wat, means Siam is defeated.  As it turned out, the people of Siam would bring down the Khmer Empire.  The lovely monuments remain today, though, testaments to the artistry, engineering and martial prowess of the Khmers. Timeline of Angkor Wat †¢ 802 C.E. - Jayavarman II is crowned, rules until 850, founds kingdom of Angkor. †¢ 877 - Indravarman I becomes king, orders construction of Preah Ko and Bakhong temples. †¢ 889 - Yashovarman I is crowned, rules until 900, completes Lolei, Indratataka, and Eastern Baray (reservoir), and builds Phnom Bakheng temple. †¢ 899 - Yasovarman I becomes king, rules until 917, establishes capital Yasodharapura on Angkor Wat site. †¢ 928 - Jayavarman IV takes throne, establishes capital at Lingapura (Koh Ker). †¢ 944 - Rajendravarman crowned, builds Eastern Mebon and Pre Rup. †¢ 967 - Delicate Banteay Srei temple built. †¢ 968-1000 - Reign of Jayavarman V, starts work on Ta Keo temple but never finishes it. †¢ 1002 - Khmer civil war between Jayaviravarman and Suryavarman I, construction begins on Western Baray. †¢ 1002 - Suryavarman I wins civil war, rules until 1050. †¢ 1050 - Udayadityavarman II takes throne, builds Baphuon. †¢ 1060 - Western Baray reservoir finished. †¢ 1080 - Mahidharapura Dynasty founded by Jayavarman VI, who builds Phimai temple. †¢ 1113 - Suryavarman II crowned king, rules until 1150, designs Angkor Wat. †¢ 1140 - Construction begins on Angkor Wat. †¢ 1177 - Angkor sacked by the Chams people from southern Vietnam, partially burned, Khmer king killed. †¢ 1181 - Jayavarman VII, famous for defeating Chams, becomes king, sacks Chams capital in reprisal in 1191. †¢ 1186 - Jayavarman VII builds Ta Prohm in honor of his mother. †¢ 1191 - Jayavarman VII dedicates Preah Khan to his father. †¢ End of 12th century - Angkor Thom (Great City) built as new capital, including state temple at the Bayon. †¢ 1220 - Jayavarman VII dies. †¢ 1296-97 - Chinese chronicler Zhou Daguan visits Angkor, records daily life in Khmer capital. †¢ 1327 - End of classical Khmer era, last stone engravings. †¢ 1352-57 - Angkor sacked by Ayutthaya Thais. †¢ 1393 - Angkor sacked again. †¢ 1431 - Angkor abandoned after invasion by Siam (Thais), although some monks continue to use the site.

Essay about Slavery in Beloved, by Toni Morrison - 1960 Words

Beloved â€Å"Beloved† is the story of a young black womans escape from slavery in the nineteenth century, and the process of adjusting to a life of freedom. Most people associate slavery with shackles, chains, and back breaking work. What they do not realize is the impact of the psychological and emotional bondage of slavery. In order for a slave to be truly free, they had to escape physically first, and once that was accomplished they had to confront the horror of their actions and the memories that a life in chains had left behind. For Sethe, slavery is not over, at least not in her mind, and beloved serves as a form of therapy by drawing out the painful memories and giving Sethe a second chance to right her†¦show more content†¦Amy was on her way to Boston to buy velvet. She tells Sethe that if she doesn’t move to a safer spot she is liable to get bit by a spider. Sethe is unable to walk, so Amy drags her to a lean-to, rubs her badly damaged feet, and fashions a pair of makeshift shoes from leaves and pieces of cloth. The next day Sethe is able to walk and while making her way to the river she goes into labor. The two women find an old canoe and just as Sethe steps in her water breaks. With Amy’s help, Sethe gives birth to her fourth child, a baby girl. Amy asks Sethe to tell the baby that Amy Denver of Boston had helped to bring her into the world. Sethe thought that Amy’s last name was pretty and decided to remember her by naming her daughter Denver. Amy straps little Denver to Sethes chest and with a little help they make it to 124- Baby Suggs house. Although Sethe has escaped the physical bondage of slavery, her fight for freedom is not yet over. Halle worked every Sunday for five years to buy his mothers freedom from Mr. Garner, the owner of Sweet Home. 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Macbeth and the Clothes that Make the Man free essay sample

In William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, Shakespeare uses clothes as a metaphor throughout the play. The symbolism of clothing helped emphasize the change of power in Scotland, the change of opinions, and how the new change did not â€Å"fit† properly. From Macbeth being â€Å"dressed† with a new title as Thane of Cawdor, to Lady Macbeth pointing out Macbeth’s changed attitude towards killing Duncan while he dresses, through the other character’s perspective of Macbeth as king, the imagery of clothing is everywhere. Through out Act I, Scene III, the imagery of clothing is predominant and shows a change in title. As soon as Angus tells Macbeth that Macbeth has a new title as Thane of Cawdor, he says, â€Å"The Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me / In borrowed robes?† (1. 3. 110-111). He simply cannot believe that the prophecy that the three witches had predicted had come true and he questions his new title. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth and the Clothes that Make the Man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Angus explains why Macbeth is receiving this new title, he also, unintentionally, foreshadows Macbeth’s future: Who was the thane lives yet, But under heavy judgment bears that life Which he deserves to lose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . But treasons capital, confessed and proved, Have overthrown him. (1. 3. 112-114, 117-118) When Macbeth receives his new garments, he also receives the previous Thane of Cawdor’s traits. The change of Macbeth into â€Å"borrowed robes† starts Macbeth’s change into a murdering monster. The instant Macbeth becomes Thane of Cawdor, he cannot stop thinking about killing Duncan so he can become king. Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, plan to kill Duncan; however, Macbeth comes to a point where he realizes his thinking is madness, and he cannot kill Duncan. He tries to convince Lady Macbeth of his new thinking by giving her â€Å"three quite different reasons for not going ahead with it, reasons which he hopes may appeal to her† (Spurgeon 128). He suggests that maybe they should not do this for they were just given â€Å"Gold opinions from all sorts of people, / Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, / Not cast aside so soon† (1. 7. 33-35). Macbeth suggests that their new title should be worn like clothes that have a new gloss, or â€Å"superficial lustre† (OED). Lady Macbeth, greedy for power, will not hear of her husband’s change of opinion. She quickly rebuts by saying â€Å"Was the hope drunk / Wherein you dress’d yours elf?† (1. 7. 36-37). She starts criticizing Macbeth for quickly changing his opinion just as quickly as he changed his clothes. Lady Macbeth quickly wins the argument and convinces Macbeth to kill Duncan. This scene of the play shows that by Macbeth simply changing his clothes, he changes his mind and his state of being. After he kills Duncan, Macbeth rapidly changes into a control, power-hungry, mad man. Even though Macbeth at first feels as if he has murdered the â€Å"Sleep that knits up the raveled sleave of care† (2. 2. 35), the sleep that straightens out the â€Å"entangled† (OED) sleave of care, he quickly gets over it just as quickly as he changes his â€Å"borrowed robes†. From the moment he becomes king, he starts to lose control and respect of the people in his kingdom. Right before the English troops attack Dunsinane, Caithness and Angus talk about Macbeth’s tyrannical reign. Caithness comments about how Macbeth has lost so much control that Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ cannot buckle his distempered cause / Within the belt of rule† (5. 2. 15-16). Angus agrees with Caithness, by saying that Macbeth’s title â€Å"Hangs loose about him, like a giant’s robe / upon a dwarfish thief† (5. 2. 21-22). Angus and Caithness both realize how Macbeth does not â€Å"fit† properly in his â€Å"borrowed robes†. They see that the title of being king is too much for him and that he should have his title taken away. In conclusion, Shakespeare’s use of clothing imagery in Macbeth helps symbolize the changes happening within the play. The emphasis of clothing throughout the play shows the audience how important and big all these changes are. Even though the changing of clothing is important on the stage, the changing of clothing in this play is more important than ever before.

November 28, 1999 I Was One Of Only Nine Survivors Of The Waco Blaze -

November 28, 1999 I was one of only nine survivors of the Waco blaze -- 74 men, women and children died -- and I've devoted the last six years to understanding what happened there. Back in 1990 I had been drumming in a stagnant Los Angeles rock band when I met and befriended David Koresh. I needed some new drumsticks, and on the way to a gig stopped in at the Guitars R Us on Sunset Boulevard. Seeing the sticks in my hand, two strangers introduced themselves and asked if I was playing in a band. The two were David Koresh and Steve Shumacher, the closest thing Koresh had to a deputy. Schumacher gave me his card and I promptly handed it back. The backside was full of Bible verses. You guys are a Christian band, I said. I had never been religious in my life, but I was curious. There were questions that I wanted answers to. Schumacher and Koresh weren't pushy and made it clear that all they really were looking for right now was a drummer. I'd like to play some music with you, Koresh said, and see where we can go from there. My band was going nowhere, and Koresh intrigued me. So I took the card back, and a few days later gave him a call. Over the next weeks I hung out with Koresh and some other musicians in his band. I got to know Koresh and was tremendously impressed. Having never paid much attention to the Bible, I was astonished to find that it actually did have some relevance to my life. And while Koresh had never gotten much in the way of formal education, it was clear that his knowledge of and insight into the scriptures was remarkable. That fall I went out to Waco to play music and meet the larger community. The people at Mount Carmel were extremely involved in knowing and learning the Bible. In the process of demonizing Koresh and the Branch Davidians, a name we never used when describing ourselves, people have made it seem as if Mount Carmel came out of nowhere. In fact, Koresh was the third leader of a religious community that spun off from the Seventh Day Adventists in 1934. They had been living outside of Waco for almost 60 years before the ATF raid in 1993. I was fascinated with their spiritual search, and I began to read the Bible. Koresh was interesting, and the ways in which he explained the scriptures were complex and demanding. He was clearly a serious religious scholar and I wanted to understand what he was saying. So I stayed. The people around Koresh came from many backgrounds. I met folks who hadn't finished high school, and others with degrees from places like Harvard law school. I spent time with African-Americans, Australians, black Britons, Mexican- Americans and more. We certainly weren't as isolated as people seem to think. We shopped in town, some of us worked in the community and our band performed in Waco clubs. I worked as a bartender in Waco for a time and I doubt a single customer would tell you that I stood out in any way other than my ability to mix a mean margarita. Many have suggested that Koresh was a Jim Jones-like madman. But he wasn't. He had no plans for mass suicide; indeed, in sharp contrast to Jones, Koresh allowed members of the community to leave at any time, and many of them did, even during the siege. But many of us stayed, too, not because we had to, but because we wanted to. The FBI and ATF had been confrontational from the start, they had lied to us and they continued lying up through the siege. The FBI and ATF had many reasons for their attack on Mount Carmel. The initial ATF raid, in which four ATF agents and six Davidians were killed, was based on allegations that we were running a drug lab. But later even ATF employees would admit the charges were a complete fabrication. One member had allowed speed dealers to operate from the building in the mid-1980s, but everyone knew Koresh hated drugs, and he'd asked the Waco sheriff to remove the methamphetamine lab when he took over as leader in 1987. Charges that we were assembling an arsenal of weapons to be used against the government were equally off-base. We ran a business, buying and selling weapons at gun shows, to bring in

Field Trip Day To The Museums †Creative Writing Journal Entry

Field Trip Day To The Museums – Creative Writing Journal Entry Free Online Research Papers Field Trip Day To The Museums Creative Writing Journal Entry On Tuesday the 1st of February we went on a field trip to the Market Theatre, Museum Africa and The Goodman Gallery. We watched a play performed at the Market Theatre, we looked at lots of historical items at Museum Africa and saw a few very original artworks at The Goodman Gallery. On the Road On the way to the museums, there was graffiti on the walls of some of the buildings. This graffiti is just a way for the common people to display their own artworks and to spread their own messages to whoever looks at it. Outside of Museum Africa there was graffiti high up on a wall and it displayed three messages: Good for the soul Believe in yourself The sky is the limit Museum Africa Once inside Museum Africa we had lots to look at in little time. There were quilts, photographs, ancient cameras, paintings and sculptures. This museum was great and some of the artworks and other pieces were outstanding There were many more sections in the museum, but time was short we had to move on to the Market Theatre. The Market Theatre Inside the Market Theatre we watched a play. It was about a university created by tribesmen to bring different tribes together, to teach the young boys about their roots and how they become men. The boys who attend this university will go through the procedure of becoming men. The play was amazing, the effects and the actors really made you feel the emotions within the play! I did not understand every word, but the acting explained it all to me. The Goodman Gallery Next we went to the Goodman Gallery, a high-class museum in Rosebank. It is not up to me to decide what is art and what is not, but I can decide for myself what is good art and what is bad art. Although many will disagree, but what I saw at the Goodman Gallery did not impress me at all. One of the drawings was like a child’s drawing and it cost about R50 000†¦why? Digital Tree No, this is not an artwork, it is just a digital image that has been created and we think it is not art. â€Å"†¦why we think of Leonardo as Art and an advertisement in a magazine as Not Art.† (Pointon, 1997: 3) The whole effect with the unrealistic branches on the tree drew my attention. It is interesting the way he created it and fitted the circuit boards to the branches almost exactly in place. Conclusion It was a successful trip, we saw a lot and learnt a lot, and this will help us to expand our creativity for the future. So overall, the Goodman Gallery was terrible for me, Museum Africa was really good, but the play was definitely the highlight of the day! Sources Marcia Pointon, History of Art a Students` Handbook 4th edition, 1997 Art Street Design, www.artstreetdesign.com Research Papers on Field Trip Day To The Museums - Creative Writing Journal EntryBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMind TravelAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andDefinition of Export Quotas

Protectionism vs. Free Trade Essay Essays

Protectionism vs. Free Trade Essay Essays Protectionism vs. Free Trade Essay Essay Protectionism vs. Free Trade Essay Essay Protectionism is the pattern of the authorities seting bounds on foreign trade to protect concern at place. Free Trade is when there are few or no bounds on trade between states. Both sides have strong point of views stand foring their several sentiments. From the United States position. I think the riddance of Free Trade is one of the lone ways the American economic system can spread out for the overall benefit of all the citizens and our national public assistance. Our economic system needs to acquire out of the immense shortage we presently face. Estimates are every bit high as 750. 000 occupations were outsourced from the United States in 2009 entirely. This is a astonishing figure. and a major lending factor as to why our state is confronting the highest unemployment rates in the history of our great state. We need to censor foreign companies from selling their goods and merchandises in the United States in order for our local markets to boom and finally more people would be employed. I support Protectionism as the best method to the United States remaining in fiscal matters fit. Protectionism has several great statements. some of them include: 1. The usage of inexpensive labour in other states can take down rewards or endanger occupations at place. . A state can go excessively dependent on another state for of import merchandises perchance doing them vulnerable. 3. Industries that make merchandises related to national defence demand to be protected. 4. Other states might non hold the same environmental or human rights criterions. 5. Foreign competition will take down the demand for merchandises made at place. 6. Companies at place must be protected from unjust foreign competition. All of these grounds are legitimate. but those against protectionism argue that the monetary value of merchandises could lift because of no other competition. I do non believe this is a valid concern. our elective functionaries. the United States authorities. can protect the American people by enforcing their will on concern and guaranting companies charge just monetary values for goods and services. Protectionism will enable â€Å"strategic† industries in the United States such as agriculture and defence to boom. It besides has societal benefits protecting our American manner of life. Thru the usage of duties we can protect our great state. Duties imposed on exports guarantee our domestic supply and would be a beginning of gross for the United States authorities. If we place more duties on imports it would protect those things vital to the success of our state such as the agriculture and defence mentioned supra. As with duties on exports. a duty on imports would be another great beginning of gross for our authorities. All of the support I have evidenced in this paper does non be the one cardinal belief that I have ; the United States needs to better its Patriotism! A full execution of Protectionism would supply our state the encouragement it needs. I think we would see Patriotism at an all clip high which would assist guarantee a profitable and prosper.

Gender bias in mathematic achievement Research Paper

Gender bias in mathematic achievement - Research Paper Example In a study conducted by Arnot (134), it is difficult to separate the adoption of these attitudes from the powerful and diverse forces, which dictate the expectations of students. The third theme is drawn from a recent research study conducted by Bevan (4), which established that gender differences in Mathematics achievement essentially arise through variations in learning styles, organization of learning, and teaching styles. Based on such underpinning tenets, it is necessary to examine and account for causes of gender bias in Mathematics achievement. In his study, Becker (221) identifies that boys are best, relative to girls, in both practical and applied areas while girls do best relative to boys in computation involving decimals, whole numbers, and some algebra related aspects. Attitude towards Mathematics also played a significant role in creating the existing gender bias in Mathematics. Boys have a significantly greater tendency towards judging topics in Mathematics a s easy and significantly, more girls than boys believed that they had difficulties in remembering formulae, understanding Mathematics concepts, and in applying the work that had studied in class (Bevan 4). The perception of learners about Mathematics has a greater contribution towards gender bias. Three factors constitute learner perception towards Mathematics: learner expectations of Mathematics, types of activity that entail their Mathematics education, and prevailing stereotypes about Mathematics. As affirmed by Becker (223), the greater the agreement exists in these strands, the less the digression between Mathematics achievement and gender. Even though the variations in attainment are considered relatively insignificant, variations in the attitudes of both girls, and boys towards Mathematics is striking. Moreover, the uncertainty exhibited by girls’ and confidence in boys, both extend beyond individual